ABSTRACT
Yellow Fever (YF) is a viral arbovirosis of Public Health importance. In Brazil, surveillance is focused mainly on detecting epizootic events of Platyrrhini. Herein, we compared the detection and phylogenetic analysis of YF virus in two neotropical primates (NTP), a Callithrix detected in the previous epidemic period (2016-2020), and a Callicebus nigrifons, showing a new introduction of YF in 2023. This paper illustrates the importance of joint actions of laboratory and field teams to ensure quick response to Public Health emergencies, such as the intensification of vaccination of susceptible human populations.
Subject(s)
Yellow Fever , Yellow fever virus , Animals , Humans , Yellow fever virus/genetics , Phylogeny , Brazil/epidemiology , Yellow Fever/epidemiology , Yellow Fever/prevention & control , Callithrix , Disease OutbreaksABSTRACT
O Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (CPA-IAL) é credenciado pelo Ministério da Saúde como laboratório de referência macrorregional para a vigilância epidemiológica de febre amarela (FA) em seres humanos e primatas não humanos (PNH) do Brasil, atuando por meio de análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Até o ano de 2018, ambos os exames eram aplicados a todas as amostras de PNH recebidas para a pesquisa de FA. Em 2019, implantou-se um algoritmo diagnóstico baseado na triagem pelas características histopatológicas observadas no tecido hepático, possibilitando a racionalização do uso da IHQ. Objetivo: Avaliar a aplicação do algoritmo diagnóstico comparado ao período que antecedeu sua implantação. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de relatórios anatomopatológicos de PNH emitidos, entre 2018 e 2019, no CPA-IAL para determinação de índices de performance diagnóstica do exame histopatológico na vigilância epidemiológica de febre amarela, avaliação da sensibilidade do exame imuno-histoquímico para amostras com autólise de moderada a avançada e comparação da mediana de tempo decorrido para emissão dos relatórios em cada período. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na performance da detecção de FA por histologia e IHQ entre os períodos pré e pós algoritmo; houve importante redução na quantidade de exames IHQ solicitados e no tempo de liberação dos relatórios (p<0,0001). Conclusões: O algoritmo resultou em desempenho semelhante, redução do tempo de liberação oportuno para a vigilância epidemiológica do agravo e da quantidade de reações IHQ realizadas, portanto, apresentando-se adequado para o diagnóstico de febre amarela em PNH no CPA-IAL.
Subject(s)
Referral and Consultation , Autolysis , AlgorithmsABSTRACT
Yellow Fever (YF) is a severe disease caused by Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), endemic in some parts of Africa and America. In Brazil, YFV is maintained by a sylvatic transmission cycle involving non-human primates (NHP) and forest canopy-dwelling mosquitoes, mainly Haemagogus-spp and Sabethes-spp. Beginning in 2016, Brazil faced one of the largest Yellow Fever (YF) outbreaks in recent decades, mainly in the southeastern region. In São Paulo city, YFV was detected in October 2017 in Aloutta monkeys in an Atlantic Forest area. From 542 NHP, a total of 162 NHP were YFV positive by RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry, being 22 Callithrix-spp. most from urban areas. Entomological collections executed did not detect the presence of strictly sylvatic mosquitoes. Three mosquito pools were positive for YFV, 2 Haemagogus leucocelaenus, and 1 Aedes scapularis. In summary, YFV in the São Paulo urban area was detected mainly in resident marmosets, and synanthropic mosquitoes were likely involved in viral transmission.
Subject(s)
Primates/virology , Yellow Fever/transmission , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Cities/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks , Mosquito Vectors/physiology , Phylogeny , Yellow Fever/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Yellow fever (YF) surveillance in Brazil is focused mainly on the detection of epizootic events regarding New World non-human primates (NWNHP). We present a challenging case of a Callitrichidae (Callithrix spp) kept as a domiciliated pet that lived in the urban area of São Paulo municipality and was positive to YF virus by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. After investigation, it was the first occurrence of non-autochthonous YF case of NWNHP described, with probable place of infection in the North shore of São Paulo state. This case illustrates the importance of coordinated laboratorial and field actions, and risks posed by transit of wildlife.
Subject(s)
Callithrix/virology , Yellow Fever/veterinary , Animals , Male , Yellow Fever/diagnosis , Yellow fever virus/genetics , Yellow fever virus/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
Yellow fever (YF) surveillance in Brazil is focused mainly on the detection of epizootic events regarding New World non-human primates (NWNHP). We present a challenging case of a Callitrichidae (Callithrix spp) kept as a domiciliated pet that lived in the urban area of São Paulo municipality and was positive to YF virus by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. After investigation, it was the first occurrence of non-autochthonous YF case of NWNHP described, with probable place of infection in the North shore of São Paulo state. This case illustrates the importance of coordinated laboratorial and field actions, and risks posed by transit of wildlife.
Subject(s)
Primates , Yellow Fever , Callitrichinae , Urban Area , PetsABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The state of São Paulo has been monitoring cases of microcephaly and pregnant women presenting with acute rash, through CeVeSP. METHODS: This was a descriptive study focusing on pregnant women with rash and the outcome of their pregnancy, based on the notifications through the CeVeSP. RESULTS: During 2016, 2,209 cases of pregnant women with rash were reported and investigated. Of these, 36.6% were confirmed. Of the pregnant women who tested positive for ZIKV, 6.4% did not have a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Our results allowed the characterization of pregnant women exposed to ZIKV and the outcome of pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Exanthema/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Sentinel Surveillance , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis , Adolescent , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Exanthema/epidemiology , Exanthema/virology , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Young Adult , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The state of São Paulo has been monitoring cases of microcephaly and pregnant women presenting with acute rash, through CeVeSP. METHODS: This was a descriptive study focusing on pregnant women with rash and the outcome of their pregnancy, based on the notifications through the CeVeSP. RESULTS: During 2016, 2,209 cases of pregnant women with rash were reported and investigated. Of these, 36.6% were confirmed. Of the pregnant women who tested positive for ZIKV, 6.4% did not have a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our results allowed the characterization of pregnant women exposed to ZIKV and the outcome of pregnancy.
Subject(s)
World Health Organization , Environmental Monitoring , State , Pregnant Women , Zika VirusABSTRACT
Abstract INTRODUCTION: The state of São Paulo has been monitoring cases of microcephaly and pregnant women presenting with acute rash, through CeVeSP. METHODS: This was a descriptive study focusing on pregnant women with rash and the outcome of their pregnancy, based on the notifications through the CeVeSP. RESULTS: During 2016, 2,209 cases of pregnant women with rash were reported and investigated. Of these, 36.6% were confirmed. Of the pregnant women who tested positive for ZIKV, 6.4% did not have a favorable outcome. CONCLUSIONS Our results allowed the characterization of pregnant women exposed to ZIKV and the outcome of pregnancy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis , Sentinel Surveillance , Exanthema/diagnosis , Zika Virus Infection/diagnosis , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Exanthema/epidemiology , Exanthema/virology , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to characterize cases of congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus infection (CZS) and other infectious etiologies, resident in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from October 30, 2015, to June 30, 2017. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of suspected cases of CZS and other infectious etiologies notified on the Public Health Events Registry. RESULTS: 960 cases were investigated up to epidemiological week 26/2017, and 146 were confirmed for congenital infection; of these, 59 (40.4%) were confirmed for congenital infection without etiological identification and 87 (59.6%) with laboratory confirmation, of which 55 were congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus and 32 were congenital syndrome associated with other infectious agents. CONCLUSION: this study enabled the detection of 23.9% CZS cases among suspected cases of infectious etiology.
Subject(s)
Congenital Abnormalities/epidemiology , Microcephaly/epidemiology , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology , Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Congenital Abnormalities/virology , Female , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Male , Microcephaly/virology , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology , Registries , Syndrome , Zika Virus Infection/complications , Zika Virus Infection/congenitalABSTRACT
Objetivo: caracterizar os casos de síndrome congênita associada à infecção pelo ZIKV (SCZ) e outras etiologias infeciosas, residentes no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, no período de 30 de outubro de 2015 a 30 de junho de 2017. Métodos: estudo descritivo dos casos suspeitos de SCZ e outras etiologias infecciosas notificados no Registro de Eventos em Saúde Pública. Resultados: foram investigados 960 casos até a semana epidemiológica 26/2017, sendo confirmados 146 para infecção congênita; destes, 59 (40,4%) foram confirmados para infecção congênita sem identificação etiológica e 87 (59,6%) com confirmação laboratorial, sendo 55 com SCZ e 32 com síndrome congênita associada a outros agentes infecciosos. Conclusão: este estudo permitiu detectar 23,9% de casos de SCZ entre os casos suspeitos de etiologia infecciosa.
Objetivo: caracterizar los casos sospechosos de síndrome congénita asociada a la infección por virus Zika (SCZ) y otras etiologías infecciosas residentes en el estado de São Paulo, Brasil, en el período de 30 de octubre de 2015 a 30 de junio de 2017. Métodos: estudio descriptivo de los casos sospechosos de síndrome congénita asociada a la infección por el virus Zika y otras etiologías infecciosas notificadas en el Registro de Eventos en Salud Pública. Resultados: se han investigado 960 casos hasta la semana epidemiológica 26/2017, siendo confirmados 146 para la infección congénita; de estos, 59 fueron confirmados para infección congénita sin identificación etiológica y 87 con identificación etiológica, siendo 55 síndrome congénita asociados al virus Zika y 32 síndrome congénita asociado a otros agentes infecciosos. Conclusión: este estudio permitió detectar una tasa del 23,9% de casos de SCZ entre los casos sospechosos de etiología infecciosa.
Objective: to characterize cases of congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus infection (CZS) and other infectious etiologies, resident in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from October 30, 2015, to June 30, 2017. Methods: this was a descriptive study of suspected cases of CZS and other infectious etiologies notified on the Public Health Events Registry. Results: 960 cases were investigated up to epidemiological week 26/2017, and 146 were confirmed for congenital infection; of these, 59 (40.4%) were confirmed for congenital infection without etiological identification and 87 (59.6%) with laboratory confirmation, of which 55 were congenital syndrome associated with Zika virus and 32 were congenital syndrome associated with other infectious agents. Conclusion: this study enabled the detection of 23.9% CZS cases among suspected cases of infectious etiology.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Congenital Abnormalities , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Zika Virus , Microcephaly/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: to describe yellow fever occurrence in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the period 2000-2010. METHODS: this was a descriptive study using data regarding human cases, epizootics in non-human primates and virus vector isolation in São Paulo State, between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: three sylvatic yellow fever outbreaks were registered in the state with 32 human cases and 15 deaths; the cases occurred in unvaccinated individuals exposed to the sylvatic form of transmission; epizootics was confirmed before the virus began circulating in humans in the region of São José do Rio Preto and the virus was isolated twice in vectors. CONCLUSION: three sylvatic yellow fever outbreaks occurred in the state between 2000 and 2010, two of them in a transition area and the other in an area considered to be unaffected; vaccination and maintaining immunization coverage are necessary for preventing the disease.
Subject(s)
Disease Outbreaks , Yellow Fever/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Age Distribution , Animals , Brazil/epidemiology , Child , Female , Humans , Insect Vectors , Male , Middle Aged , Sex Distribution , Vaccination , Yellow Fever/transmission , Young Adult , Zoonoses/epidemiologyABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: descrever a ocorrência da febre amarela no estado de São Paulo, no período 2000-2010. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo e revisão documental sobre casos humanos, epizootias de primatas não humanos e isolamento de vírus em vetor no estado de São Paulo, de 2000 a 2010. RESULTADOS: foram registrados três surtos de febre amarela silvestre no estado, com 32 casos humanos e 15 óbitos; os casos ocorreram em indivíduos não vacinados, expostos à forma silvestre de transmissão; uma epizootia foi confirmada antes da circulação viral em humanos na região de São José do Rio Preto e foi possível isolar o vírus duas vezes em vetores. CONCLUSÃO: ocorreram três surtos de febre amarela silvestre no estado, de 2000 a 2010, dois deles em área de transição e outro em área considerada indene; a vacinação e a manutenção da cobertura vacinal são necessárias para a prevenção da doença.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Después de casi cincuenta años de silencio epidemiológico reapareció la fiebre amarilla en el estado de São Paulo, en el año 2000. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo de brotes con casos humanos, epidemias de primates no humanos y aislamiento del virus en el vector, en el estado de São Paulo, de 2000 a 2010. RESULTADOS: se registraron tres brotes de fiebre amarilla selvática en el estado con 32 casos humanos y 15 muertes; los casos ocurrieron en individuos no vacunados expuestos a la forma selvática de transmisión; un brote animal se confirmó antes de la circulación del virus en humanos en la región de São José do Rio Preto y fue posible aislar el virus dos veces en vectores. CONCLUSIÓN: hubo tres brotes de fiebre amarilla selvática en el estado entre 2000-2010, dos de ellos en la zona de transición y el otro en una zona considerada indemne; la vacunación y la cobertura de inmunización parecen ser la forma más efectiva de prevenir la enfermedad.
OBJECTIVE: to describe yellow fever occurrence in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the period 2000-2010. METHODS: this was a descriptive study using data regarding human cases, epizootics in non-human primates and virus vector isolation in São Paulo State, between 2000 and 2010. RESULTS: three sylvatic yellow fever outbreaks were registered in the state with 32 human cases and 15 deaths; the cases occurred in unvaccinated individuals exposed to the sylvatic form of transmission; epizootics was confirmed before the virus began circulating in humans in the region of São José do Rio Preto and the virus was isolated twice in vectors. CONCLUSION: three sylvatic yellow fever outbreaks occurred in the state between 2000 and 2010, two of them in a transition area and the other in an area considered to be unaffected; vaccination and maintaining immunization coverage are necessary for preventing the disease.
